May 18, 2024  
University Catalog 2017-2018 
    
University Catalog 2017-2018 [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


Courses are numbered as follows: freshmen, 100-level; sophomores, 200-level; juniors, 300-level; seniors, 400-level; graduate students, 500- & 600-level. Certain 400-level courses may be taken by graduate students for graduate credit; in such cases, graduate students complete additional research assignments to bring the courses up to graduate level rigor. The letter G in parentheses, (G), appears at the end of those 400-level undergraduate course descriptions which are approved for graduate level work. When taught for graduate credit, those courses are taught by Graduate Faculty. Only students admitted to the Graduate School may enroll in 500- & 600-level courses.

No credit is allowed in any curriculum for any course with a catalog number beginning with zero (0) (e.g. ENGL 099 ).

The numerical listing after each course title gives the following information: the first number represents lab hours per week; the second digit represents the number of 75-minute lecture periods per week; the third digit represents the semester credit hours earned for successful completion of the course. A few courses will have a fourth digit in parentheses. This means the course may be repeated for credit and the fourth digit designates the total amount of semester hour credit that may be earned including repetition of the course. Typically, these courses are research-, performance-, or project-oriented and found in the 300-, 400-levels (undergraduate student) or 500-, 600-levels (graduate student).

Some courses require the student to complete a prerequisite course or to secure special permission from faculty prior to enrolling in the course. These prerequisites are listed immediately after the numerical semester credit hour designations. Each student is responsible for complying with prerequisite course work requirements and special instructions.

NOTES:

  1. Courses designated with an asterisk * mean this course will be accepted for General Education Requirement (GER) transfer credit. A course MAY or MAY NOT be accepted as equivalent to or substitute for a course in a specific discipline or major. Please check the Board of Regents web site at www.regents.state.la.us/ and the school you are transferring to for additional information.
  2. Courses with the designation (IER) meet the Board of Regents International Education Requirement.
  3. Students with a Freshman or Sophomore classification are not eligible to register for 400-level (Senior) courses without the written approval of the Academic Dean (or the Dean’s designated representative) of the college responsible for that specific subject and course)
  4. Course offerings for each term are made available prior to Early Registration via the BOSS website (“Available Course Sections”) and in .pdf format on the Registrars website (Quarterly Schedule of Classes-The Racing Form). Quarterly offerings are subject to change to accommodate the needs of students.

Louisiana Common Course Numbering (LCCN).

Louisiana uses a statewide common course numbersing system “…to facilitate program planning and the transfer of students and course credits between and among institutions.” Faculty representatives from all of the public colleges and universities worked to articulate common course content to be covered for each course included on the Board of Regents Master Course Articulation Matrix. Beginning with General Education Requirements (GER), this initiative will continue with an eye toward expansion throughout the entire Matrix.

Each course is identified by a 4-Alpha character “rubric” (i.e. prefix or department abbreviation) and a four-digit number. Each 4-Alpha rubric begins with “C” to signify that it is a state “Common” number, followed by a standard discipline abbreviation so that when they are included in campus catalogs and web sites, its meaning will be clear. For example, “CMAT” is the standardized LCCN abbreviation for Mathematics courses included in the Statewide Course Catalog. Another example would be “CENL” for English courses.

The 4-Alpha character rubric is followed by four digits, each with their own positional meaning. The first digit of the course number denoteds the academic level of the course (1 = freshman/1st year; 2 = sophomore/2nd year). The second and third digits establish course sequencing and/or distinguish the course from others of the same level, credit value, and rubric. The fourth digit denotes the credit value of the course in semester hours. For example, CMAT 1213 College Algebra (Common, Mathematics, Freshman/1st year, articulated standard sequence 21, 3 semester hours, College Algebra); CENL 1013 English Composition I (Common, English, Freshman/1st year, articulated standard sequence 01, 3 semester hours, English Composition I.

All rubric/number course identifiers correspond to course descriptiors listed in the Statewide Course Catalog, published by the Louisiana Board of Regents with direct faculty input.The Statewide Course Catalog will comprise the academic courses for which there is statewide agreement among discipline faculty representatives as to the minimum course content to be covered so that a student completing the course will be ready for the next course for which it is a prerequisite in a sequence or curriculum. Louisiana Tech University courses that are part of the Statewide Common Course Catalog can be readily identified by the [LCCN: AAAA####] at the end of the course description.

The Master Course Articulation Matrix, and the Louisiana Statewide Common Course Catalogue can be found on the Louisiana Board of Regents website (www.regents.doa.louisiana.gov under the Academic Affairs menu option.)

 

Electrical Engineering

  
  • ELEN 565: Digital Signal Processing

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELEN 461 . Review of discrete linear signals and systems theory. Design/Implementation of FIR and IIR digital filters. Quantization and finite word length effects. Spectrum estimation.
  
  • ELEN 566: Estimation Theory

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELEN 561 . Estimation, based on noise-corrupted observations, of unknown system states. Maximum-likelihood and least square estimation; matched filters. Wiener and Kalman filtering.
  
  • ELEN 567: Wireless Sensor Networks

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Topics include: Introduction to wireless sensor networks, networks, topology, routing, graph theory, hardware components, layered network architecture, coverage and connectivity, localization and tracking, network platforms.
  
  • ELEN 572: Digital Control Systems I

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELEN 471 . Sampling Theory. Date reconstruction. Z-transforms. Stability analysis. Time-domain analysis. Frequency domain analysis. Introduction to Digital Control Systems.
  
  • ELEN 573: Digital Control Systems II

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELEN 572  or permission of instructor. Review of Z-transforms. State variable techniques. Controllability and observability. Design of digital control systems with state variable techniques. Digital state observer. Microprocessor control.
  
  • ELEN 574: UAV Control

    3 Semester Credit Hours . 0-3-3 Prerequisite Permission of instructor Introduction to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), models and control methods; state-space models, LQR controls, pole placement, and robust control; stability; data links; path planning.
  
  • ELEN 575: Nonlinear Systems

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Topics include: Introduction to nonlinear systems, equilibrium points, phase-plane analysis, limit cycles, examples of nonlinear systems, Lyapunov stability, feedback linearization, nonlinear observers, adaptive control.
  
  • ELEN 581: Computer Applications To Power Systems

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELEN 481 . The study of algorithms for power network matrices, three-phase networks, fault, load flow and stability problems solution by computer methods.
  
  • ELEN 582: Motor Control and Power Electronics

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELEN 481 . Electronic and electromagnetic motor control devices; programmable controllers; motor protection; solid state power device application to DC and AC power conversion.

Electrical Engineering Technology

  
  • ELET 100: Intro To Electrical Engr Tech

    1 Semester Credit Hours . A survey of topics to introduce the students to the profession, the department and the curricula.
  
  • ELET 170: Elec Circuit Theory I-Dc Circuit

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite MATH 101  Introduction to DC circuit theory: mesh and nodal analysis, network theorems, Kirchhoff’s Laws, single time-constant transients and Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalents for DC circuits. A minimum grade of C” is required.”
  
  • ELET 171: Electrical Circuits I Laboratory

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Corequisite ELET 170 . Exercises that demonstrate and reinforce theoretical DC circuit concepts. Skills in component recognition, component value identification and proper test equipment usage are emphasized.
  
  • ELET 180: Elec Circuit Thry II-Ac Circuits

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 170  and MATH 112  An extension of concepts developed in ELET 170  to include sinusoidal steady-state analysis of alternating current circuits. A minimum grade of C” is required.”
  
  • ELET 181: Electrical Circuits II Laboratory

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Corequisite ELET 180 . Exercises that demonstrate and reinforce theoretical AC circuit concepts. The proper use of AC test equipment is emphasized.
  
  • ELET 260: Electronic Circuit Theory I

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 180  An introductory treatment of solid-state devices emphasizing the junction diode, bipolar junction transistor and the field effect transistor. A minimum grade of C” is required.”
  
  • ELET 261: Electronic Circuits Laboratory I

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Corequisite ELET 260 . Exercises demonstrating theoretical electronic circuit concepts. Skills are developed in component identification and specification, circuit assembly, schematic interpretation, test equipment usage and troubleshooting.
  
  • ELET 268: Electrical Projects Laboratory

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 260  Introduction to project development concepts Via assigned and student-selected topics. Soldering, troubleshooting and the practical use of test equimpment are emphasized.
  
  • ELET 270: Instrumentation

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 180  An introduction to measurement methods and the principles of operation of sensors and actuators used in open-loop and closed-loop control systems.
  
  • ELET 271: Instrumentation Laboratory

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Corequisite ELET 270 . The study of measurement methods and general applications of industrial instrumentation.
  
  • ELET 272: Electronic Circuit Theory II

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 260  Corequisite ELET 273  Continuation of ELET 260 . The study of semiconductor devices and circuits; applications of these circuits in practical situations.
  
  • ELET 273: Electronic Circuits II Laboratry

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Corequisite ELET 272 . Exercises that demonstrate and reinforce electronic circuit concepts. Further development of skills in electronic circuit construction, component identification and troubleshooting.
  
  • ELET 280: Elec Power I-Indus Power Distr

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 180  Electrical power generation, transmission and distribution systems. Equipment requirements and characteristics. Design fundamentals of typical electrical installations. A minimum grade of C” is required.”
  
  • ELET 360: Elec Pwr II-Electro-Mech Pwr Conversion

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 280  The theory of operation and equivalent circuits of transformers; DC generators and motors; AC synchronous generators and motors and AC induction motors.
  
  • ELET 361: Electro-Mech Power Conv Lab

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 360  Exercises that demonstrate and reinforce the operating characteristics of power transformers; AC and DC motors; AC and DC generators and solid-state power conversion equipment.
  
  • ELET 370: Intro To Digital Circuits

    2 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 260  An introduction to digital circuit fundamentals: binary numbers, Boolean algebra, truth tables, combinational logic and logic minimization. Operation of logic circuits and sequential digital circuits.
  
  • ELET 371: Intro To Digital Circuits Lab

    1 Semester Credit Hours . 3-0-1 Prerequisite ELET 372  or Corequisite ELET 372   Exercises that demonstrate the operation and use of basic logic circuits and an assortment of sequential digital circuits. Solid-state, integrated devices are emphasized.
  
  • ELET 372: Introduction to Digital Circuits

    3 Semester Credit Hours . 0-3-3 Prerequisite ELET 260   Digital circuit fundamentals:  binary numbers, Boolean algebra, truth tables, combinational logic and logic minimization, adders, multiplexers, sequential logic, counters, and memory circuits.

     

  
  • ELET 374: Introduction To Microcontrollers

    2 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 260  Corequisite ELET 375  Introduction to microcontroller organization, operation, data manipulation, programming, register level operations and device interfacing.
  
  • ELET 375: Microcontrollers Laboratory

    1 Semester Credit Hours . 3-0-1 Corequisite ELET 376   Practical exercises in microprocessor data manipulation, programming and device interfacing.
  
  • ELET 376: Introduction to Microcontrollers

    3 Semester Credit Hours . 0-3-3 Prerequisite ELET 260   Corequisite ELET 375   Microcontroller organization, operation, data manipulation, programming, register level operations and device interfacing.  Serial communications, timers, analog to digital conversion, interrupts, PWM outputs.

     

  
  • ELET 380: Print Circuit Brd(PCB)Des and Fab

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 260  An introduction to PCB layout software and the milling machine hardware used to fabricate prototype PCBs.
  
  • ELET 390: Electrical Drafting

    3 Semester Credit Hours . 3-2-3 Prerequisite ELET 272  and ELET 372   An introduction to computer aided drafting (CAD). CAD creation of schematic diagrams, wiring diagrams and instrument loop diagrams is emphasized.
  
  • ELET 422: Control Sys I-Discrete I/O Sys

    3 Semester Credit Hours . 0-3-3 Prerequisite ELET 372   Corequisite ELET 423   Application of the programmable logic controller (PLC) as a control device in two-state input/output control systems. Relay ladder logic programming is emphasized.
  
  • ELET 423: Control Systems I Laboratory

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Corequisite ELET 422   An introduction to programmable logic controller (PLC) hardware and programming software. PLC programming and application skills are developed through practical exercises.
  
  • ELET 460: Digital Data Communication Networks

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 260  The study of systems used in communicating digital data. LANs and WANs.
  
  • ELET 461: Digital Data Communication Laboratory

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 460  OR CONCURRENT REGISTRATION IN ELET 460  Corequisite ELET 460  OR CONCURRENT REGISTRATION IN ELET 460  Practical exercises that demonstrate and reinforce classroom material. Installation and administration of a LAN.
  
  • ELET 470: Control Systems II - Analog Sys

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 272  and MATH 223  An introduction to linear feedback control systems including transient response analysis, stability, steady-state error analysis and system response modification.
  
  • ELET 471: Control Systems II Laboratory

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 470  Practical laboratory exercises that investigate the time responses, stability, and controller tuning of first- and second-order physical systems.
  
  • ELET 472: Professionalism and Ethics for Electrical Engineering Technology

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite Senior standing. Cultural and social diversity issues; professional behaviors, and ethical standards applicable to professional practice. Current job market and other employment related topics are also addressed.
  
  • ELET 475: Capstone Design I

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite SENIOR STANDING AND PERMISSION OF DEPARTMENT HEAD A self-directed student project incorporating practical skills and technical knowledge derived from the entire curriculum. A minimum grade of C” is required.”
  
  • ELET 476: Capstone Design II

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 475  Continuation of ELET 475 . Students apply program-acquired knowledge and practical skills to a problem-solving/project-management scenario. A minimum grade of C” is required.”
  
  • ELET 477: Capstone Design III

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ELET 476  Continuation of ELET 476 . Terminal capstone course in which students apply program-acquired knowledge and practical skills to a student-directed problem solving/project management scenario.
  
  • ELET 490: Special Problems Laboratory

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite Consent of instructor. A laboratory course for covering a selected topic of relevant interest. May also be utilized for special project assignments.
  
  • ELET 490A: Special Problems

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite Consent of instructor A course for covering a selected topic of relevant interest. May also be utilized for special project assignments.
  
  • ELET 490B: Special Problems

    2 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite Consent of instructor A course for covering a selected topic of relevant interest. May also be utilized for special project assignments.
  
  • ELET 490C: Special Problems

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite Consent of instructor A course for covering a selected topic of relevant interest. May also be utilized for special project assignments.

Engineering

  
  • ENGR 120: Engineering Problem Solving I

    2 Semester Credit Hours . Corequisite MATH 240 , CHEM 100 . The engineering profession, engineering problem solving, computer applications.
  
  • ENGR 121: Engineering Problem Solving II

    2 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ENGR 120 . Corequisite MATH 241 , CHEM 101 . Introduction to engineering design, engineering problem solving, computer applications.
  
  • ENGR 122: Engineering Problem Solving III

    2 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ENGR 121 . Corequisite MATH 242 . Engineering design, engineering problem solving, computer applications.
  
  • ENGR 189: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 189A: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 189B: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 189C: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 189D: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 194: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 194A: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 194B: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 194C: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 194D: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 220: Statics and Mechanics of Materials

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ENGR 122 , PHYS 201 , MATH 242 . Resultants and equilibrium of force systems, stress and strain, truss and frame analysis, torsion, bending.
  
  • ENGR 221: Electrical Engineering and Circuits I

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ENGR 122 , MATH 242  and PHYS 201   Fundamental concepts, units and laws. Network theorems, network simplification, phasors and AC solution of circuits, power and electronic applications.
  
  • ENGR 222: Thermodynamics

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ENGR 122 , MATH 242 . Fundamental concepts, properties of pure substance, work, heat, first and second laws of thermodynamics, entropy, cycle analysis.
  
  • ENGR 289: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 289A: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 289B: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 289C: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 289D: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 294: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 294A: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 294B: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 294D: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 299: Cooperative Education Applications

    1 (7) Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite Admission to the College of Engineering and Science Cooperative Education greater than or equal to 450 or TOEFL score is 71 or greater or completion of
  
  • ENGR 300: European Influence On Engineering

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite SOPHMORE STANDING OR CONSENT OF INSTRUCTOR European influence on engineering theory and practice. Engineering accomplishments in Europe. Impact of engineering on western civilization.
  
  • ENGR 389: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 389A: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 389B: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 389C: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 389D: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 394: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 394A: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 394B: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 394C: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 394D: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 420: Leadership Concepts and Skills for Engineers and Scientists

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Students will identify and discuss the concepts, principles and skills that characterize leaders in engineering and science practice.
  
  • ENGR 421: Leadership Context for Engineers and Scientists

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Students will identify and discuss the historical, societal, global, economic and ethical context impacting leaders in engineering and science.
  
  • ENGR 422: Leadership Challenges for Engineers and Scientists

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Students will identify and discuss the challenges, public policy, technology, and human resource issues facing leaders in engineering and science.
  
  • ENGR 454: Modern Energy Grand Challenges

    3 Semester Credit Hours . 0-3-3 Prerequisite ENGR 220  and ENGR 222  and all preqs. for Senior Design Survey of energy topics for upper level students in engineering disciplines. Includes energy technology, policy, economics, history and forecast trends.
  
  • ENGR 456: Engineering and Science Internship

    3 (6) Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite CONSENT OF PROGRAM CHAIR On-site, supervised, structured work experience. This course may be taken to facilitate a three month off-campus work experience. Approval based on relevance of proposed internship to degree program. May be repeated for credit once. (G) (Pass/Fail)
  
  • ENGR 480: Multidisciplinary Capstone Des I

    1 Semester Credit Hours . 3-0-1 Prerequisite Instructor’s Signature Required Open-ended, team-based multidisciplinary design project that draws on student’s entire academic experience with emphasis on idea generation and conceptual design.
  
  • ENGR 481: Multidisciplinary Capstne Des II

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ENGR 480  w/minimum grade of C”.” Continuatin of ENGR 480  with emphasis on prototyping detailed system design.
  
  • ENGR 482: Multidisciplnary Capstne Des III

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Prerequisite ENGR 481  w/minimum grade of C”.” Continuation of ENGR 481  with emphasis on construction and testing.
  
  • ENGR 489: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 489A: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 489B: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 489C: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 489D: Special Topics

    . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 494: Special Topics

    1-4 Semester Credit Hours . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 494A: Special Topics

    1 Semester Credit Hours . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 494B: Special Topics

    2 Semester Credit Hours . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
  
  • ENGR 494C: Special Topics

    3 Semester Credit Hours . Selected topics in an identified area of study in the College of Engineering and Science. May be repeated for credit.
 

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